فصل [في الحجب]

Six are never excluded in any case: the two parents, the spouses, the son, and the daughter.

Of other heirs besides them, the nearer excludes the more distant; its rule is: everyone who traces to the deceased through an intermediary does not inherit when that intermediary exists, except uterine brothers.

Grandfathers are excluded by the father; grandmothers on both sides by the mother.

Paternal half-siblings belong specifically to the father.

Sons’ children are excluded by the son.

Brothers and sisters are excluded by the son, son’s son, father, and grandfather.

Paternal uncles’ children are excluded by these and by the full brother.

The more distant of the grandmothers is excluded by the nearer, from whichever line she may be.

Mother’s children are excluded by the child, child’s child, father, and grandfather.

When daughters take the two-thirds, sons’ daughters drop out, unless with them or below them is a male who makes them residuary.

When full sisters take the two-thirds, paternal half-sisters drop out, unless with them is a brother who makes them residuary.

The excluded heir may exclude others: like the two uterine siblings with father and mother—they do not inherit with the father, but they reduce the mother from the third to the sixth; the father’s mother with the father excludes the mother’s mother’s mother.

The disinherited person does not exclude.

The causes of disinheritance are four: 1.

Slavery, complete or defective.

2.

Homicide that obliges retaliation (qiṣāṣ) or expiation (kaffāra).

3.

Difference of religion.

4.

Difference of abode (dār), in fact or by legal ruling.