تحفة الملوكZayn al-Dīn al-RāzīChapter: Spoils of war and their division
فإذاSo when فتحَconquers الإمامthe Imām بلدةًa town قهراًby force فلهthen he has الخيارthe choice فيto قسمتهdivide it بينamong الغانمينthose entitled to spoils وإبقائهand leaving it عليهمupon them بالجزيةunder jizyah والخراج.and khārāj.
When the Imām conquers a town by force, he may choose either to divide it among those entitled to spoils or to leave it with its people under jizyah and khārāj.
ولهAnd for him الخيارthe choice أيضاًalso فيto قتلkill الأسرىthe prisoners إنif لمnot يسلموا،they submit, أوor استرقاقهمenslaving them ولوeven if أسلموا،they become Muslim, أوor جعلهمmaking them ذمّة.dhimmīs.
He may also kill prisoners if they do not submit to Islam, enslave them even if they become Muslim, or make them dhimmīs.
ولاAnd not يطلقهمransom them بمالwith wealth ولاnor يفاديexchange بهمwith them أسرانا.prisoners of ours.
They are not ransomed with wealth nor exchanged for our prisoners.
وإنAnd if تَعَذَّرis difficult نقلtransport مواشيهمtheir livestock ذبحَهاslaughter them وحرقَهاand burn them لاnothing غير،besides, وحرقَand burn الأسلحةَthe weapons وماand what لاnot يحترقburns يدفنه.bury it.
If moving their livestock is impracticable, they are slaughtered and burnt—and nothing besides that; weapons are burnt, and what cannot burn is buried.
ولاAnd not يقسمdivide غنيمةًspoils فيin دارland الحربof war إلاexcept للإيداع.for deposit.
Spoils are not divided in enemy territory except as deposited safekeeping.
والرِّدءAnd the ridʿ فيin الغنيمةِthe spoils كالمقاتلlike the fighter بخلافِunlike السّوقي،the sutler, والمددand reinforcements قبلbefore إخراجremoval الغنيمةof spoils إلىto دارland الإسلامof Islām كالأصل،like the original, ومَنand whoever ماتdies قبلbefore إخراجremoval الغنيمةof spoils سقطَdrops حقّهhis claim وبعدهand after it لاnot يسقط.drops.
The intelligence operative (ridʿ) shares in spoils like a fighter, unlike the sutler (sūqī); reinforcements before spoils reach Dār al-Islām [have shares] like the original force; whoever dies before removal [of spoils from enemy land] forfeits his share—after removal he does not.
وللعسكرAnd for the army الانتفاعbenefit بالغنيمةfrom spoils قبلbefore الإخراجremoval أكلاًeating وعلفاًand fodder ودهناًand oil وإيقاداًand burning وقتالاًand fighting بالسلاحwith weapons ونحوهاand their like بلاwithout قسمةdivision منwith غيرno بيعsale وتموّل،and hoarding, بخلافunlike الثيابgarments والدواب،and mounts, وبعدand after الإخراجremoval يردونthey return ماwhat فضلremained معهمwith them منfrom ذلك.that.
The army may use spoils before removal—as food, fodder, oil, fuel, fighting with weapons and the like—without division, sale, or hoarding; unlike garments and mounts; after removal they return what remains with them thereof.
وخمْسAnd one-fifth الغنيمةof spoils يقسمdivide أثلاثاً:into thirds: بينamong اليتامىorphans والمساكينand the needy وأبناءand sons السبيلof the way يقَدَّمprefer منهمamong them فقراءpoor ذويkinsmen of القربىnear kin خاصّة،specifically, وذِكْرand mention اللهof Allah تعالىMost High فيin الخمسِthe fifth للتبرّكfor blessing باسمه،through His name, وسهمand share النبيِّof the Prophet سقطَceased بموتهat his death كالصفيّ.like the ṣafiyy.
One-fifth of spoils is divided into thirds among orphans, the needy, and wayfarers—the poor among [the Prophet’s] kin are preferred—mention of Allah in the fifth is for blessing through His name; the Prophet’s share ceased at his death like the ṣafiyy.
وأربعةAnd four الأخماسfifths للغانمين:for those entitled: للفارسfor the horseman سهمان،two shares, وللراجلand for the foot soldier سهم.one share.
Four-fifths go to those who took spoils: two shares for the horseman and one for the foot soldier.
والبرذونAnd the Nisaean [steed] والعربيّand Arabian [horse] سواءequal ولاand no سهمshare لبعيرfor camel أوor بغل.mule.
Nisaean steed and Arabian [horse] are equal; there is no [extra] share for a camel or mule.
ويعتبرAnd it counts كونهhis being فارساًhorseman أوor راجلاًfoot soldier عندat مجاوزةcrossing الدربthe border لاnot عندat القتال.fighting.
One counts as horseman or foot soldier at crossing the border, not at the time of fighting.
ويرضخAnd assigns الإمامthe Imām للعبدto the slave والصبيِّand child والمرأةand woman والذميّand dhimmī ماwhat يَراه.he sees.
The Imām assigns to the slave, child, woman, and dhimmī what he sees fit.
ولاAnd not يخَمَّسsubject to fifth ماwhat أَخَذَهtook it واحدٌone أوor اثنانtwo مغيرين،raiders, بلrather ماwhat أخذهtook it جماعةa group لهاhaving منعة.deterrence.
What one or two raiders take alone is not subject to the fifth; rather [only] what a group strong enough [to resist] takes.
ويجوزAnd lawful التنفيلthe extra share بالسَّلبby stripping وغيرهand other than it تحريضاًas incitement علىto القتال.fighting.
Extra spoils by stripping [the slain] and the like are lawful to stir [men] to fight.
والتركAnd Turks والرومand Byzantines يملكowns كلّevery طائفةfaction منهمof them ماwhat استولتseized عليهfrom it منfrom نفوسpersons الطائفةof the faction الأخرىthe other وأموالها،and their wealth, ويملكand owns الكفّارthe disbelievers كلّهمall أَموالَناour wealth بالاستيلاءby seizure لاnot نفوسَناour persons إلاexcept خالصpure رقيقنا.slaves only.
Turks and Byzantines each party owns what it seizes from the other’s persons and wealth; disbelievers collectively own our wealth by seizure, not our persons except pure slaves.
والمالكAnd the owner القديمformer أحقّmost entitled بمالهto his wealth قبلbefore القسمةdivision مجاناًgratuitously وبعدهاand after it بالقيمةby value أوor بالثمنby price إنif كانwas مشترى.sold.
The prior owner has greatest right to his wealth before division gratuitously; after it by value or by purchase price if sold.
مسلمٌA Muslim دخلَentered دارَland الحربof war تاجراًas trader يَحْرَمunlawful عليهfor him الخيانةbetrayal والغدرand treachery بهم،toward them, فإنso if خانَhe betrayed فيin شيءٍsomething وأخرجَهand brought it out تَصَدَّقَgive charity به.with it.
A Muslim who enters enemy territory as a trader—betrayal and treachery toward them are unlawful for him; if he betrays regarding something and brings it out, he gives it as charity.
ولوAnd if دخلَentered حربيٌّenemy subject إليناto us بأمانunder safe-conduct يقالis said له:to him: إنif أقمتyou stay سنةًa year جعِلْتَyou are made ذمياً،dhimmī, فإنso if أقامَstayed سنةًa year صارbecame ذمياًdhimmī فلاthen not يمكَّنenabled منfrom الرّجوع.return.
If an enemy subject enters under our safe-conduct it is said to him: if you stay a year you become a dhimmī; if he stays a year he becomes a dhimmī and is not permitted to go back.
والجزيةAnd jizyah علىupon الغنيِّthe rich فيin كلِّevery سنةyear ثمانيةeight وأربعونand forty درهماً،dirhams, وعلىand upon وسطmiddling الحالmeans أربعةfour وعشرون،and twenty, وعلىand upon الفقيرthe poor المعتملlabouring اثناtwo عشر.ten.
Jizyah is forty-eight dirhams yearly on the rich, twenty-four on one of middling means, and twelve on the labouring poor.
وتوضعAnd imposed الجزيةjizyah علىupon الكتابيScripturist والمجوسيand Magian وعابدand worshipper الوثنof idol منfrom العجم.non-Arabs.
Jizyah is imposed on the Scripturist, the Magian, and the idolater among non-Arabs.
ولاAnd not توضعimposed علىupon عابدِworshipper الوثنof idol منfrom العرب،Arabs, ولاnor المرتدّ.the apostate.
It is not imposed on the idolater among Arabs, nor on the apostate.
ولاAnd no جزيةjizyah علىupon مَنwhoever لاnot يقْتَل،is fought, وتؤخذand taken منfrom القسيسينpriests والرّهبانand monks وأَصحابand companions الصوامعof monasteries المعتملين.earning.
There is no jizyah on one who may not be fought; it is taken from priests, monks, and monastery dwellers who earn.
ومَنAnd whoever أَسلمbecame Muslim أوor ماتdied وعليهupon him جزيةjizyah سقطت.lapsed.
Whoever becomes Muslim or dies owing jizyah—it lapses.
وإنAnd if اجتمعتcoincided جزيتانtwo jizyahs تداخلتا.they overlapped.
If two jizyah dues coincide, they overlap.
ويكلَّفAnd charged الذميّthe dhimmī إحضارهاbringing it بنفسهhimself فيعطيهاso he gives قائماًstanding والقابضand the collector منهfrom him قاعداً،sitting; وفيand in رواية:narration: يأخذtakes بتلبيبهby his collar ويهزّه،and shakes him, ويقولand says له:to him: أَعطgive الجزيةَthe jizyah ياO ذميّ،dhimmī, وفيand in رواية:narration: ياO عدوenemy الله.Allah.
The dhimmī is charged to bring it himself: he pays standing while the collector sits; in one narration: [the collector] takes him by his collar and shakes him and says to him: pay the jizyah, O dhimmī; in another: O enemy of Allah.
وتَجْبAnd becomes due بأَوَّلat first الحولِof the year ويمْهَلand respite given إلىto آخرهِits end تيسيراً.as facilitation.
It becomes due at the start of the year and respite is given until its end as a concession.