والمريضAnd sick person إذاwhen خافَfeared شدَّةَseverity مرضهhis illness أوor تأخرdelayed برئه،recovery, أفطرbreaks fast وقضى.and makes up.
The sick person breaks his fast and makes up if he fears worsening illness or delayed recovery.
فصل [في بيان العوارض]
Chapter [on clarifying intervening circumstances]
وللمسافرِAnd for traveller الفطرbreaking fast مطلقاً،unconditionally, وصومهand his fasting أَفضلsuperior إنif لمdid not تنلهbefall him مشقة،hardship, فإنthen if ماتاboth died فيduring المرضillness والسَّفر،and travel, فلاthen no قضاءmake-up عليهما،upon them, وإنand if صَحَّrecovered المريضsick person وأقامَand settled المسافرtraveller ثمthen ماتا،both died, وجبwas obligatory الإيصاءbequest بقدرby measure ماwhat أدركا.they still owed.
The traveller may break his fast unconditionally; fasting is superior if hardship does not afflict him. If both die ill or travelling, no make-up rests on them; if the sick recovers and the traveller settles then both die, bequest is obligatory proportionally to what remained upon them.
وقضاءAnd making up رمضانRamaḍān إنif شاءَwished فرَّقَهdispersed it وإنand if شاءَwished تابعَه،followed it consecutively, والتتابعand consecutive أفضل،superior, ولاand no فديةcompensation بتأخيرهwith delaying it عنfrom رمضانRamaḍān ثان.second.
Making up Ramaḍān may be dispersed or consecutive—consecutive is superior—and no compensation (fidyah) is due for delaying it beyond the next Ramaḍān.
وللحاملAnd for pregnant والمرضعand nursing الإفطار؛breaking fast; خوفاًfearing علىupon ولدِهماtheir child أوor نفسِهما،themselves, ولاand no فديةcompensation عليهما.upon them.
The pregnant and nursing woman may break fast fearing harm to child or themselves; no compensation is upon them.
والشيخAnd elderly person العاجزunable عنfrom الصومfast يفْطِرbreaks fast ويَفْديand pays compensation عنfor كلِّevery يومٍday نصفَhalf صاعٍṣāʿ منfrom برٍّwheat أوor صاعاًṣāʿ منfrom تمرٍdates أوor شعير،barley, فإنthen if قَدَرَwas able علىupon الصومِfast بعدafter الفديةcompensation قضى.made up.
An elderly person unable to fast breaks fast and pays compensation: each day half a ṣāʿ of wheat or a ṣāʿ of dates or barley; if thereafter able to fast, he makes up.
وَمَنwhoever أَوصىbequeathed بقضاءِmaking up رَمَضانRamaḍān أَطعمfeeds عنهfor him وَليّه،executor, وإنand if لمdid not يوصbequeath لاnot يجب.obligatory.
Whoever bequeaths making up Ramaḍān—his executor feeds on his behalf; if no bequest, it is not obligatory.
والصَّلاةAnd prayer كالصَّوم،like fasting, وكلّand every صلاةٍprayer كصومِlike fast يوم،day, ولاand not يصمfasts عنهfor him وليّهexecutor ولاnor يصلّ.prays.
Prayer parallels fasting: each prayer is like a day’s fast—his executor neither fasts nor prays on his behalf.
وَمَنwhoever أسلمَ،embraced Islam, أوor بلغَ،reached maturity, أوor طَهرَ،became pure, أوor أَفاقَ،regained sanity, أوor قَدِمَarrived منfrom سفرٍ،travel, أوor برئrecovered منfrom مرضٍ،illness, أوor أفطرَbroke fast خطأًmistakenly أوor عمداً،deliberately, أمسَكَheld بقيةَremainder يومهhis day تشبهاً،imitation, بخلافunlike الحائضmenstruating والنّفساءand woman in lochia فيin خلالthe course of الصوم.the fast.
Whoever embraces Islam, reaches maturity, becomes pure [from menstruation], regains sanity, arrives from travel, recovers from illness, or breaks fast by mistake or deliberately holds the remainder of the day out of imitation—unlike the menstruating woman or woman in lochia during Ramaḍān.
ولوAnd if أكلate فلاthen no قضاءmake-up عليهupon him لتركfor omitting التشبه.imitation.
If he eats, no make-up is due on him for omitting imitation.
وَمَنwhoever سافرَtravelled بعدafter الفجر،Fajr, أوor نوىintended الفطرَbreaking fast ثمَّthen قَدِمَ،arrived, أوor صحَّrecovered منfrom مرضهhis illness قبلbefore الزوال،midday, لَزِمَهwas obligatory on him الصوم،fast, ولوand if أفطر،broke fast, فلاthen no كفارةexpiation عليه.upon him.
Whoever travels after Fajr, or intends breaking fast then arrives, or recovers before midday—fasting is obligatory on him; if he breaks fast, no expiation is upon him.
وإذاAnd when عَلِمَknew المسافرtraveller أنَّهthat he يدخلenters فيduring يومهhis day مصرَهhis town أوor موضعplace إقامته،his residence, كرِهwas disliked لهfor him الفطر.breaking fast.
If the traveller knows he will reach his town or place of residence that same day, breaking fast is disliked for him.
ومَنwhoever أغميَfell unconscious عليهupon him ،— أوor جنَّbecame insane فيin رمضانRamaḍān ،— قَضَىmakes up ماwhat بعدafter يومday الإغماءunconsciousness والجنونand insanity خاصّة،specifically, والجنونand insanity المستوعبencompassing مسقطٌdrops للقضاءmake-up بخلافunlike الإغماء،unconsciousness, وبخلافand unlike الجنونinsanity غيرother than المستوعب.encompassing.
Whoever falls unconscious or insane during Ramaḍān makes up only what follows the day of unconsciousness or non-encompassing insanity; encompassing insanity lifts make-up unlike unconsciousness; unlike non-encompassing insanity.
ومَنwhoever لمdid not ينوintend فيduring رمضانRamaḍān صوماًfasting ولاnor فطراً،breaking fast, لَزِمَهwas obligatory on him القضاء.make-up.
Whoever intends neither fasting nor breaking fast during Ramaḍān must make up.
ومَنwhoever أَصبحrose غيرnot ناوٍintending للصومfast أوor نَوَىintended قبلbefore الزوالmidday فأكلthen ate فلاthen no كفّارةexpiation عليه.upon him.
Whoever rises without intending to fast, or intends before midday then eats—no expiation is upon him.
والحائضAnd menstruating والنفساءwoman in lochia تفطرbreak fast وتقضيand make up بخلافunlike الصّلاة.prayer.
The menstruating woman and woman in lochia break fast and make up—unlike prayer.
ومَنwhoever ظَنَّsupposed بقاءَremaining الليلnight فتسحَّرَthen took suhūr أوor غروبsetting الشمسsun فأفطرَthen broke fast وبانَand became clear خطؤهhis mistake لزمَهwas obligatory on him القضاءmake-up والتشبّهand imitation لاnothing غير.further.
Whoever supposes night remains and takes pre-dawn meal (suhūr), or supposes sunset and breaks fast—when his mistake becomes clear, make-up and imitation [for rest of day] are obligatory—nothing further.
ولوAnd if شَكَّdoubted فيregarding طلوعِrising الفجرFajr فالأفضلthen superior أنthat لاnot يفطرbreak fast ولوand if أفطرbroke fast فلاthen no قضاءmake-up عليه.upon him.
If he doubts sunrise of Fajr, superior not to break fast—if he breaks, no make-up.
ولوAnd if شَكَّdoubted فيregarding غروبِsetting الشمسsun يجبobligatory أنthat لاnot يفطرbreak fast ولوand if أفطرbroke fast لزمهwas obligatory on him القضاء.make-up.
If he doubts sunset he must not break fast—if he breaks, make-up is obligatory.
والسحورAnd suhūr مستحبٌّ،recommended, وكذلكlikewise تأخيره،delaying it, ويسْتَحَبّand recommended تعجيلhastening الإفطار.breaking fast.
Pre-dawn meal (suhūr) is recommended; likewise delaying it; hastening breaking fast is recommended.
ومَنwhoever أكلَate ناسياًforgetfully فظنَّthen supposed أنهthat he أفطرَbroke fast أوor عَلِمَknew أنّهthat he لمdid not يفطرbreak fast فأَكلَthen ate عمداًdeliberately لزمهwas obligatory on him القضاءmake-up لاnothing غير.further.
Whoever eats forgetfully then thinks he broke fast—or knows he did not—yet eats deliberately: make-up alone is obligatory—nothing further.
ويحرمAnd forbidden صومfast يومday العيدينtwo Eids وأيامand days التشريق.tashrīq.
Fasting on the two Eids and the days of tashrīq is forbidden.
ولاAnd not يكرهdisliked صومfast الستةsix أَيامdays منfrom شوالShawwāl موصولةًjoined برمضان.to Ramaḍān.
Fasting six days of Shawwāl adjoined to Ramaḍān is not disliked.
ويكرهAnd disliked صومfast الوصال.wiṣāl.
Continuous fasting without breaking night (wiṣāl) is disliked.
فإنThen if أفطرَbroke fast فيduring الأيامdays الخمسةfive المحرَّمةforbidden فقولان.two views.
If he breaks fast during the five forbidden days, two views.
ويكرهAnd disliked صومfast الصّمت:silence: وهوand it أنthat لاnot يَتَكَلّمspeak فيduring صومه.his fast.
Fasting silence—abstaining from speech during one’s fast—is disliked.
ويكرهAnd disliked صومfast السبت،.Saturday,.
Fasting Saturday alone is disliked.
أوOr عاشوراءʿĀshūrāʾ وحده.alone.
Or ʿĀshūrāʾ alone [without adjoining days].
ويستحبّAnd recommended صومfast يومday الخميس،Thursday, والجمعة،and Friday, وأيّامand nights البيض،bright, ويومand day عرفةʿArafah لغيرfor other than الحاج.pilgrim.
Recommended are fasting Thursday, Friday, the bright nights (ayyām al-bīḍ), and the day of ʿArafah for non-pilgrims.
ولاAnd not تصومfasts المرأةwoman تطوّعاًvoluntarily بغيرwithout إذنpermission زوجهاher husband إلاunless أنthat يكونis صائماًfasting أوor مريضاً،ill, ولاnor العبدslave بغيرwithout إذنpermission مولاهhis master وإنeven if كانwas لاnot يضرّharming بمولاه.his master.
A woman does not voluntarily fast without her husband’s permission unless he is fasting or ill; nor a slave without his master’s—even if harmless to the master.
وكفّارةAnd expiation صومfast رمضان:Ramaḍān: عتقfreeing رقبةneck [slave], فإنthen if لمdid not يجدfind فصيامthen fasting شهرينtwo months متتابعين،consecutive, فإنthen if عجزunable فإطعامthen feeding ستينsixty مسكيناً.needy person.
Expiation for a Ramaḍān fast: freeing a slave; if unable, fasting two consecutive months; if unable, feeding sixty needy people.
ولوAnd if أفطرbroke fast مراراًrepeatedly فيin رمضانRamaḍān أوor رمضانينtwo Ramaḍāns كفتهsufficed him كفارةexpiation واحدةone إلاّunless إذاwhen تخلّلتintervened الكفّارة.expiation.
If he breaks fast repeatedly in one Ramaḍān or across two Ramaḍāns, one expiation suffices unless a [completed] expiation intervened.
ويباحAnd permitted الفطرbreaking fast فيin التطوّعvoluntary بعذرexcuse الضيافةِhospitality ونحوها.and likes.
Breaking voluntary fast is permitted for hosting a guest or similar excuse.
ولوAnd if شَرَعَbegan فيin الصومfast أوor صلاةprayer ظنَّهاthinking it عليهupon him ثمّthen عَلِمlearned انتفاءهاits absence فالأفضلthen superior الإتمام،completion, ولوand if أَفسدinvalidated فلاthen no قضاءmake-up عليه.upon him.
If he begins fast or prayer thinking it obligatory then learns it is not, completing is superior; if he invalidates it, no make-up.