فصل [في بيان العوارض]

The sick person breaks his fast and makes up if he fears worsening illness or delayed recovery.

The traveller may break his fast unconditionally; fasting is superior if hardship does not afflict him. If both die ill or travelling, no make-up rests on them; if the sick recovers and the traveller settles then both die, bequest is obligatory proportionally to what remained upon them.

Making up Ramaḍān may be dispersed or consecutive—consecutive is superior—and no compensation (fidyah) is due for delaying it beyond the next Ramaḍān.

The pregnant and nursing woman may break fast fearing harm to child or themselves; no compensation is upon them.

An elderly person unable to fast breaks fast and pays compensation: each day half a ṣāʿ of wheat or a ṣāʿ of dates or barley; if thereafter able to fast, he makes up.

Whoever bequeaths making up Ramaḍān—his executor feeds on his behalf; if no bequest, it is not obligatory.

Prayer parallels fasting: each prayer is like a day’s fast—his executor neither fasts nor prays on his behalf.

Whoever embraces Islam, reaches maturity, becomes pure [from menstruation], regains sanity, arrives from travel, recovers from illness, or breaks fast by mistake or deliberately holds the remainder of the day out of imitation—unlike the menstruating woman or woman in lochia during Ramaḍān.

If he eats, no make-up is due on him for omitting imitation.

Whoever travels after Fajr, or intends breaking fast then arrives, or recovers before midday—fasting is obligatory on him; if he breaks fast, no expiation is upon him.

If the traveller knows he will reach his town or place of residence that same day, breaking fast is disliked for him.

Whoever falls unconscious or insane during Ramaḍān makes up only what follows the day of unconsciousness or non-encompassing insanity; encompassing insanity lifts make-up unlike unconsciousness; unlike non-encompassing insanity.

Whoever intends neither fasting nor breaking fast during Ramaḍān must make up.

Whoever rises without intending to fast, or intends before midday then eats—no expiation is upon him.

The menstruating woman and woman in lochia break fast and make up—unlike prayer.

Whoever supposes night remains and takes pre-dawn meal (suhūr), or supposes sunset and breaks fast—when his mistake becomes clear, make-up and imitation [for rest of day] are obligatory—nothing further.

If he doubts sunrise of Fajr, superior not to break fast—if he breaks, no make-up.

If he doubts sunset he must not break fast—if he breaks, make-up is obligatory.

Pre-dawn meal (suhūr) is recommended; likewise delaying it; hastening breaking fast is recommended.

Whoever eats forgetfully then thinks he broke fast—or knows he did not—yet eats deliberately: make-up alone is obligatory—nothing further.

Fasting on the two Eids and the days of tashrīq is forbidden.

Fasting six days of Shawwāl adjoined to Ramaḍān is not disliked.

Continuous fasting without breaking night (wiṣāl) is disliked.

If he breaks fast during the five forbidden days, two views.

Fasting silence—abstaining from speech during one’s fast—is disliked.

Fasting Saturday alone is disliked.

Or ʿĀshūrāʾ alone [without adjoining days].

Recommended are fasting Thursday, Friday, the bright nights (ayyām al-bīḍ), and the day of ʿArafah for non-pilgrims.

A woman does not voluntarily fast without her husband’s permission unless he is fasting or ill; nor a slave without his master’s—even if harmless to the master.

Expiation for a Ramaḍān fast: freeing a slave; if unable, fasting two consecutive months; if unable, feeding sixty needy people.

If he breaks fast repeatedly in one Ramaḍān or across two Ramaḍāns, one expiation suffices unless a [completed] expiation intervened.

Breaking voluntary fast is permitted for hosting a guest or similar excuse.

If he begins fast or prayer thinking it obligatory then learns it is not, completing is superior; if he invalidates it, no make-up.