تحفة الملوكZayn al-Dīn al-RāzīChapter on the traveller
السفرtravel المرَخِصconcessionary للمطيعfor the obedient والعاصيand the rebellious مقدَّرٌis reckoned بثلاثةِby three أيامٍdays بسيرat the pace of الإبلcamels ومشيand walking الأقدام.on foot.
Concessionary travel for obedient and disobedient alike is measured as three days’ camel pace and foot march.
وفرضand the farḍ of المسافرthe traveller فيin الرّباعيةthe four-rakʿa [prayer] ركعتان،is two rakʿas, فلوso if صَلَّىhe prayed أَرْبعاًfour وقرأَand he recited فيin الأوليينthe two first وقَعَدَand he sat فيin الثانيةِthe second قدرَto the extent of التشهّدtashahhud وقعتcount الأوليانthe two first فرضاً،as farḍ, وماand what بعدهماafter them [both] نفلاً،as nafl, وإنand if لمnot يقعدhe sat بطلت.it is void.
The traveller’s obligation in a four-rakʿa prayer is two rakʿas; if he prayed four and recited in the first two and sat in the second for tashahhud extent, the first two count as obligatory and what follows as nafl; if he did not sit, it is void.
ويترخّصand he is granted concession المسافرthe traveller بمفارقةِby parting from بيوتِthe buildings of المصرthe town حتىuntil يرجعhe returns إليها.to it.
The traveller shortens by leaving the town’s buildings until he returns to them.
أوor ينويhe intends الإقامةَiqāma فيin بلدٍa town أوor قَريةٍa village خمسةَfive عشرَten يوماً،days, لاnot فيin مفازةopen country فيتمّ.he completes.
Or he intends fifteen days in a town or village, not in desert—then residence is complete.
ولوand if دخلَhe entered مصراًa town ولمand did not ينوintend الإقامةiqāma فيهin it وتمادتand lasted حاجتهhis need أشهراًfor months, ترخَّص.he is granted concession.
If he enters a town without intending residence and his need lasts months, he may shorten.
ولاand not تصحّis valid نيّةintention إقامةiqāma العسكرof the army المحاربfighting للكفّارagainst the disbelievers أوor البغاة،rebels, بخلافunlike أَهلpeople of الكلأ.pasturage.
An army’s residence intention fighting disbelievers or rebels is invalid—unlike herdsmen.
ويتمّand he completes المسافرthe traveller المقتديfollower بالمقيم،with the resident, وإذاand when صلَّىhe prays المسافرthe traveller بالمقيمينwith the residents ركعتينtwo rakʿas سَلَّمhe gives salām وقال:and says: أَتمّواcomplete صَلاتَكمyour prayer, فإنّاindeed we are قومpeople سفر،travelling, فيتمّونso they complete بغيرwithout قراءة.recitation.
The shortening follower completes with residents; if the traveller prays two with them he salutes and says “Complete your prayer, we are travellers,” and they complete without recitation.
ومَنand whoever توطَّنَhas settled فيin غيرِother than وطنِهhis homeland ثمّthen دَخَلَhe entered فيin وطنهhis homeland الأوّلoriginal قَصَر.he shortens.
Whoever settles outside his homeland then enters his original homeland shortens.
وفائتةand missed [prayer] of الحضرresidence تقضىis made up فيin السفرtravel أَربعاً،four, وفائتةand missed [prayer] of السفرtravel تقضىis made up فيin الحضرresidence ركعتين،two rakʿas, والمعتبرand the criterion فيin ذلكthat آخرend of الوقت.the time.
A resident’s missed prayer is made up while travelling as four; a traveller’s missed prayer in residence as two; the criterion is the end of the time.
ويصيرand becomes المسافرthe traveller مقيماًresident بمجردmerely by النيّة،intention, ولاand not يصيرbecomes المقيمthe resident مسافراًtraveller إلاexcept بالنيةby intention معtogether with الخروج.departure.
The traveller becomes resident by intention alone; the resident does not become a traveller except with intention and departure.
ويباحand is permitted السفرtravel يومon the day of الجمعةJumuʿa قبلbefore الزَّوالzawāl وبعده.and after it.
Travel on Friday before noon and after is permitted.
ومَنand whoever بداresolved لهfor him الرجوعreturn منfrom الطريقthe road إلىtowards مصرهhis town وليسand there is not بينهماbetween them [two] مدّةa distance of سفرtravel صارhe becomes مقيماًresident فيin الحال،[that] case, وإلاّotherwise فهوso he is مسافرٌtraveller حتىuntil يصلَhe reaches إلىto مصره.his town.
Whoever turns back from the road towards his town: if there is not a travel distance between them he is immediately resident; otherwise he remains a traveller until he reaches his town.
وكلّand every تبعfollower يصيرbecomes مقيماًresident بنيّةِby intention of متبوعهhis principal إذاwhen علمhe learns بها.of it.
Every follower becomes resident by his leader’s intention when he knows of it.