The Ramaḍān fast is valid from one who is sound of body and resident, with an unrestricted intention, an intention of supererogation (nafl), or an intention of another obligation.
Book of Fasting — Preface
The Ramaḍān fast is valid from one who is sound of body and resident, with an unrestricted intention, an intention of supererogation (nafl), or an intention of another obligation.
As for a specified vow (nadhr), it is valid with an unrestricted intention or an intention of supererogation—not with an intention of another obligation.
Both are valid with an intention formed during night or day before the greater forenoon (ḍuḥawā kubrā); not thereafter—like supererogatory fasting.
And staying up by night [to frame one’s intention] is superior.
If the sick person or traveller intends Ramaḍān as another obligation, it is valid; if he observes it voluntarily (nafl), there are two narrations.
An unrestricted vow, expiation (kaffārah), making up Ramaḍān, and the like do not become valid by an intention formed during daytime.
Seeking sighting of the new moon on the night preceding the thirtieth of Shaʿbān and of Ramaḍān is recommended; if it is not seen, neither fasting nor breaking the fast [that evening] applies.
Fasting on the day of doubt is disliked, unless it coincides with a habitual voluntary practice for him.
Whoever sights the crescent alone and his testimony is rejected should fast; if he breaks his fast after the rejection, make-up alone is obligatory on him—nothing further—likewise if he breaks before it according to some; if he completes thirty days he should not break the fast alone; if he breaks, there is no expiation upon him.
Regarding Ramaḍān’s crescent under cloud cover, the testimony of one upright witness is accepted—even if he is a slave, a woman, or one punished for calumny (qadhf); if they fast thirty days yet do not sight the crescent, breaking the fast is differed over—unlike with two witnesses.
Under clear skies there must be locals of the neighbourhood or fifty men.
Regarding Shawwāl’s crescent under cloud cover, two free men are required—or one man and two women—as with Eid al-Aḍḥā.
Neither of two legally distinct towns is bound by the sighting of the other unless their horizons coincide.
If they complete Shaʿbān then fast Ramaḍān yet it amounts to twenty-eight days: if they counted Shaʿbān by sighting its crescent they make up one day; otherwise they make up two.
If the crescent is sighted before midday (zawāl), it belongs to the past night; if after it, to the coming night.
The time of fasting runs from rising of the second dawn (true Fajr) to sunset.
Fasting is abstention from eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse by day together with intention.