تحفة الملوكZayn al-Dīn al-RāzīChapter [on what consumption is lawful and what is not, what is discouraged and what is not]
وماAnd what يكرهdisliked وماand what لاnot يكره]disliked] ويحرمand unlawful أَكلeating كلِّevery ذيhaving نابfang منof السباع،predators, وذيand having مخلبclaw منof الطير.birds.
[Heading—what is disliked and what is not so:] eating every fanged predator and every clawed bird is unlawful.
ويحرمAnd unlawful الضَّبع،hyena, والثَّعلبand fox واليربوع،jerboa, وابنand عرس،ichneumon, والرخمة،black kite, والبغاث،sparrow hawk, والغِداف،long-tailed hawk, والغرابand crow الأبقعspeckled-breasted الذيwhich يأكلeats الجيف.carrion.
Unlawful are the hyena; the fox and jerboa; the ichneumon; black kite and sparrow hawk; long-tailed hawk; and the speckled crow that eats carrion.
ويحلّAnd lawful غرابcrow الزّرع،of cultivation, والعقعق،and magpie, واللقلق.and stork.
Lawful are the farming crow (?), magpie, and stork.
ويحرمAnd unlawful الضبّ،agama lizard, والقنفذ،and hedgehog, والسّلحفاة،and tortoise, والزّنبور،and hornet, والحشراتand insects كلّهاall thereof إلاّexcept الجرادlocust ولوeven if ماتdied حتفa natural أنفه.death.
Unlawful are the dab lizard (?), hedgehog, tortoise, hornet—all insects except locust, even having died naturally.
ولحمAnd flesh الفرسthe horse حرام.unlawful.
Horse flesh is unlawful.
وبقرAnd cattle الوحشwild وحمرand ass الوحش،wild, وغنمand sheep الجبلmountain حلال.lawful.
Wild cattle, wild asses(?), mountain sheep(?): lawful.
ولاAnd not يَحِلّlawful منamong حيوانanimal الماءwater إلاexcept أنواعtypes السمكfish كلها،all of them, ولاand not يَحِلّlawful الطافيfloater منه:from it: وهوnamely الميتdead [floating] حتفnatural death أَنفه،to itself, ويَحِلّand lawful ماwhat فيinside بطنِهِits belly منfrom السّمك،fish, ولوand if قطَّعَهsliced him فماتthen died حلَّlawful المقطوعportion cut والباقي.and remainder.
Of marine animals none is lawful but all kinds of fish; what floats dead of natural causes is unlawful; lawful is what [other fish are] inside its belly; if sliced and it dies, separated and remainder lawful.
وفيAnd concerning موتهits death بالحرّby heat أوor البردcold: كدودةaquatic worm(?), الماءwater روايتان.two narrations.
Regarding death by heat or cold: water‑leech (?): two narrations.
ولوAnd if حَصَرَconfined سَمَكاًfish فيinto أَجَمة،pool, فماتso died لضيقfor confined space المكانplace حلَّ،lawful, وماand what انحسرَsubsided عنهfrom him الماءwater أوor ألقاهcast him إلىto الساحلshore حيّاًalive فماتthen died يَحلّ.lawful.
If he confines fish in a pool and they die from crowding—it is lawful; [for] what ebbed from it of water—or he casts it ashore alive and it dies—it is lawful.
ولوAnd if وَجَدَfound علىupon الأرضearth سَمَكةًfish ميتةًdead تَحِل،lawful, ولوand if وجدَfound نصفَhalf سمكةٍfish فيinto الماءwater لاnot تحلّlawful إلاunless إذاif ظهرَappeared أنهاit مقطوعةًcut piece بسيفٍwith sword أوor نحوه.similar.
If found on earth a dead fish—lawful; if finding half fish in water not lawful unless it appears cut by sword or the like.
ولوAnd if اشترىbought سمكةًa fish فيon خيطٍ،thread, وهيwhilst it فيin الماء،water, وقبضَand took possession الخيطَ،thread, ثمthen دفعهhanded it إلىto البائعseller وقال:saying: احفظهاkeep ليfor me فابتلعتهاswallowed it سمكةٌa fish أخرى،another, فالثانيةthe second للبائعfor seller ويخرجand brings out الأولىfirst ويسلِّمهاand delivers it للمشتريto buyer منfrom غيرwithout خيارoption وإنeven if نقصهاdiminished it الابتلاع،swallowing, ولوand if ابتلعتswallowed المربوطةtethered أخرىanother فهماthen both للمشتريfor buyer قبضَهاtook possession أوor لا.not.
If he buys a fish on a thread [line] while it is in the water, takes the thread, then hands it to the seller saying “keep it for me,” and another fish swallows it: the second belongs to the seller; he brings out the first and delivers it to the buyer without [right of] rescission even if swallowing damaged it. If the tethered [fish] swallows another, both belong to the buyer, whether or not he took possession.