تحفة الملوكZayn al-Dīn al-RāzīChapter: the pillars (arkān)
أولها:first of it: القيام:standing: ولاthis is not يجوزpermitted: تركهleaving it فيin الفرضthe farḍ والواجبand the wājib بغيرwithout عذر،excuse, إلاexcept فيon السفينةa ship الجاريةmoving خاصّة.specifically.
The first [pillar] is standing: omitting it is not allowed in obligatory [prayers] without excuse, except on a moving ship specifically.
وإذاand when كَبَّرَhe said takbīr وَضَعَhe placed يمينَهhis right hand علىon يسارهhis left تحتbelow سرَّته،his navel, والمرأةand the woman تضعshe places علىon صدرها.her chest.
When he says takbīr he places his right on his left below his navel; the woman places [hands] on her chest.
ثمthen يقول:he says: سبحانكGlory be to You اللهمO Allāh وبحمدكand by Your praise وتباركand blessed اسمكis Your Name وتعالىand exalted جدكis Your majesty ولاand no إلهdeity غيرك.besides You.
Then he says: “Subḥānaka Allāhumma wa bi-ḥamdika wa tabāraka smuka wa taʿālā jaduka wa lā ilāha ghayruk.”
الثاني:Second: القراءة:recitation: ثمَّthen يتعوَّذhe seeks refuge إنif كانhe is إماماًimām أوor منْفَرداً،alone, ويسمِّي،and he says the basmala, ويقرأand he recites الفاتحةَal-Fātiḥa وسورةًand a sūra معهاwith it أوor ثلاثthree آياتverses منfrom أيany سورةsūra شاءhe wishes فيin كلِّeach واحدةone (fem.) منof الأوليين.the two first.
Second: recitation—then he seeks refuge if imām or alone, says the basmala, recites al-Fātiḥa and a sūra with it or three verses from any sūra he wishes in each of the first two [rakʿas].
وفرضand the farḍ of القراءةrecitation مطلقin absolute terms آية،a verse, وواجبهاand its wājib [portion] ماwhat بيَّنا.we detailed.
The absolute obligation of recitation is any verse; what we detailed is its fuller obligation.
وإذاand when قالsays الإمام:the imām: ولاnor الضالينthose astray أمَّنَthey say āmīn هوhe والقومand the congregation سرَّاً.quietly.
When the imām says “wa l-ḍallīn,” he and the congregation say āmīn quietly.
والفاتحةand al-Fātiḥa وحدَهاalone فيin الآخرتينthe last two سنةٌ،is sunna, ولوand if سبَّحhe says tasbīḥ فيهماin them [both] جازَ،it is valid, ولوand if سكتhe is silent كرِه.it is disliked.
Al-Fātiḥa alone in the last two rakʿas is sunna; if he says tasbīḥ in them it is valid; if he is silent it is disliked.
والقراءةand recitation واجبةٌis obligatory فيin كلِّevery ركعاتِrakʿa of النّفلnafl وركعاتِand rakʿa of الوتر.witr.
Recitation is obligatory in every rakʿa of supererogatory prayer and of witr.
ويَجْهَرand he recites aloud الإمامthe imām حتماًnecessarily فيin الفجرFajr والأوليينand the two first منof المغربMaghrib والعشاء،and ʿIshāʾ, ويخيَّرand [choice] is granted المنفرد،the lone worshipper, ويخفيانand the two whisper فيin الباقيthe rest حتماً،necessarily, ويَجهرand he recites aloud فيon الجمعةJumuʿa والعيدين،and the two Eids, وفيand in النفلnafl يخفيhe whispers نهاراًby day ويخيَّرand [choice] is granted ليلاً.at night.
The imām must recite aloud in Fajr and the first two rakʿas of Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ; the lone worshipper has a choice; they whisper in the rest necessarily; he recites aloud on Jumuʿa and the two Eids; in nafl he whispers by day and has a choice at night.
ويكرهand it is disliked تخصيصspecifying سورةٍa sūra بصلاةٍ،for a prayer, إلاexcept إذاwhen كانit is أيسرeasier عليهfor him واتبعand he follows فيهin it النبيّthe Prophet معتقداًbelieving للتسوية.in equalising.
Specifying a sūra for a particular prayer is disliked unless it is easier for him and he follows the Prophet believing in equalising [routines].
ولاand not يقرأrecites المأمومthe follower خلفَbehind الإمام.the imām.
The follower does not recite behind the imām.
الثالث:Third: الركوع:bowing: فإذاwhen فَرَغَhe finished منfrom القراءةِrecitation كَبَّرَhe said takbīr وركعَand he bowed وقال:and said: سبحانGlory [be to] ربِّيmy Lord العظيمthe Tremendous ثلاثاً،three times, وهوand it [is] أدنىthe least الكمال،of perfection, ولوand if سَبَّحَhe says tasbīḥ مرَّةًonce كره،disliked, فإذاwhen اطمأنّhe settled راكعاًbowing قام،he rose, وقال:and said: سَمِعَHe has heard اللهAllāh لمَنwhoever حمدهpraised Him لاno غير.other.
Third: bowing—when he finishes recitation he says takbīr, bows, and says “subḥāna rabbiyal-ʿaẓīm” three times—that is the minimum of full excellence; once is disliked; when settled in bowing he rises and says “samiʿa Allāhu liman ḥamidah” only.
ويقولand they say القوم:the congregation: ربناour Lord لكto You الحمد.all praise.
The congregation says “rabbanā wa laka l-ḥamd.”
والمنفردand the lone worshipper يجمعcombines بينهما.between the two.
The lone worshipper combines both [phrases].
الرابع:Fourth: السجود:prostration: فإذاwhen اطمأنhe settled قائماًstanding كبَّرَhe said takbīr وسجدَ،and he prostrated, وقال:and said: سبحانGlory [be to] ربِّيmy Lord الأعلىthe Most High ثلاثاً،three times, ثمthen يرفعhe raises رأسَهhis head مكبِّراًsaying takbīr ويقعد،and sits, فإذاwhen اطمأنhe settled كَبَّرَhe said takbīr وسَجَدَand he prostrated ثانيةًa second time كالأولى.like the first.
Fourth: prostration—when settled standing he says takbīr and prostrates, says “subḥāna rabbiyal-aʿlā” three times, then raises his head with takbīr and sits; when settled he says takbīr and prostrates a second time like the first.
ويجوزand it is permitted سجودهhis prostration علىon كورِthe coil of عمامتِهhis turban وطرفِand the hem of ثوبه.his garment.
His prostration on the coil of his turban or the edge of his garment is valid.
الخامس:Fifth: الانتقالmoving منfrom ركنpillar إلىto ركن.pillar.
Fifth: moving from one pillar to the next.
السادس:Sixth: القعدةsitting الأخيرةlast قدرto the extent of التشهّدtashahhud الأَوّل:first: فإذاwhen قرأhe recites التشهّدtashahhud يشيرhe points بمسبحتهwith his subḥa عندat كلمةword التوحيدtawḥīd فيin الأصح.the soundest [view].
Sixth: the last sitting for the extent of the first tashahhud—when he recites the tashahhud he points with his subḥa at the word of tawḥīd in the sound view.
ولاand not يزيدhe adds فيin القعدةsitting الأولىfirst علىbeyond قوله:his saying: وأشهدand I bear witness أنَّthat محمداًMuḥammad عبدهHis servant ورسوله.and His Messenger.
He does not add in the first sitting beyond “wa ashḥadu anna Muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa rasūluhu.”
ويزيدand he adds فيin الثَّانية:the second: الصَّلاةblessings علىon النبيّthe Prophet عليهupon him الصلاةpeace والسلامand blessings, وعلىand on آلهhis family وماand what شاءhe wishes منof الدعاء،supplication, وسؤالand asking كلّeverything ماthat لاnot يعطيهis granted to him إلاّexcept اللهAllāh تعالى:the Exalted: كالرّحمةsuch as mercy والمغفرةand forgiveness ونحوهما.and their like.
In the second he adds blessings on the Prophet, peace and blessings upon him, and his family, and whatever supplication he wishes, and asking for what none grants but Allah—such as mercy, forgiveness, and the like.
ثمّthen يسلِّمhe gives salām عنtowards يمينهhis right وعنand towards يساره،his left, وينويand he intends بكلِّwith each تسليمةٍsalām مَنwhoever فيin تلكthat الجهةِside منof الملائكةِangels والحاضرين،and attendees, والمنفردand the lone worshipper ينويintends الملائكةَangels فقط،only, والمأمومand the follower ينويintends إمامَهhis imām فيin أَيِّwhichever جهتيْهof his two sides كان،he is, فإنso if كانhe is بحذائهopposite him نواهhe intends [both] فيهما.in the two.
Then he salutes to his right and his left, intending with each salām those on that side among angels and attendees; the lone worshipper intends only angels; the follower intends his imām on whichever side he is; if [the imām] is opposite him he intends both.