تحفة الملوكZayn al-Dīn al-RāzīBook of Purification
الماءWater ثلاثةthree أقسامkinds :: طاهرpure طهور:purifying: وهوand it [is] الباقيremaining علىupon أوصافthe attributes خِلْقَتِه،of its creation, ومنه:and of it: ماwhat يَقْطرdrips منfrom الكَرْم.the vine.
Water is of three kinds: (1) pure and purifying (ṭāhir ṭuhūr)—that which remains on its original characteristics; and of that is what drips from the grapevine.
والمتَغَيِّرAnd [water] altered بطاهرٍ:by something pure: لمnot يغلبهpredominates over it بالأجزاء.in [respect of] parts.
Water altered by contact with something pure (ṭāhir) is not deemed “changed” when the pure substance does not predominate over it in [respect of] parts.
ولمAnd not يجددtakes on لهfor it اسماًa name آخر.other.
And no new legal name is applied to it.
وطاهرAnd purely فقط:only: وهوand it [is] كلّevery ماءwater أزيلremoved بهwith it حدثٌ،a ḥadath, أوor أقيمتwas established بهwith it قربةٌ.a [act of] devotion.
Merely pure (ṭāhir) [not purifying] is every water by which a minor impurity (ḥadath) is removed, or an act of devotion (qurba) is performed.
ونجس:And impure: وهوand it [is] ماءwater قليلٌlittle وقعتfell فيهinto it نجاسةٌan impurity وإنeven if لمnot تغيره،it changed it, وكثيرٌand much وقعتfell فيهinto it نجاسةٌan impurity غَيَّرتchanged أحدَone أوصافه،of its attributes, جارياًflowing كانwas أوor واقفاً.still.
Impure (najis) water is a small quantity into which impurity has fallen even if it does not change it, and a large quantity into which impurity has fallen that changes any one of its attributes—whether flowing or still.
والكثير:And the large: عشرten فيin عشرten بذراعby the forearm الكرباسof Karbās فيin عمقdepth لاnot تظهرappears الأرضthe ground بالغرف.with scooping.
The “large” quantity is ten by ten [cubits] in the forearm measure of Karbās, in depth such that the bottom is not visible when scooping.
والقليل:And the small: ماwhat دونه.below it.
The “small” quantity is less than that.
والجاري:And the flowing: ماwhat يذهبgoes away بتبنةٍ.with chaff.
Flowing [water] is that which carries away chaff.
والواقف:And the still: ماwhat دونه.below it.
Still [water] is less than that [sc. than flowing].
والنجاسة:And impurity: كلّeverything خارجexiting منfrom السبيلينthe two passages منof الإنسانthe human وغيره،and other than him, إلاexcept خرْءdroppings الحمامof the dove والعصفور.and the sparrow.
Impurity (najāsa) is everything that exits the two passages of the human and otherwise, except the droppings of the dove and the sparrow.
والدمAnd blood والقيحand pus والصديدand matter إذاwhen سالit flowed إلىto محلّa place الطهارةof purification فيin الجملة:general: يعنيmeaning فيin الاغتسالghusl والوضوء.and wuḍūʾ.
Blood, pus, and matter—when they flow to a place of purification in general, meaning in ghusl and wuḍūʾ [they are impure in that respect].
والخمر.And wine.
And wine [is najis].
والقيءAnd vomit ملءa fill الفم.of the mouth.
And vomit of a mouthful.
وخرءAnd droppings ماwhat لاnot يؤكلis eaten لحمهits flesh منof الطيرbirds ينجسrenders impure الماء،the water, لاnot الثوبthe garment حتىuntil يفحش.it becomes excessive.
The droppings of a bird whose flesh is not eaten render water impure, not clothing until it becomes excessive.
وخرءAnd droppings الفأرةof the mouse وبولهand its urine معفوٌoverlooked عنهabout it فيin الطعامfood والثوب،and clothing, لاnot فيin الماء.water.
Mouse droppings and its urine are overlooked in food and clothing, not in water.
ودمAnd blood البقِof lice والبراغيثِand fleas والسمكِand fish عفوٌ.overlooked.
Blood of lice, fleas, and fish is overlooked.
وشعرAnd hair الميتة،of the mayta, وكلّand every جزءٍpart منهاof it لاno حياةَlife فيهin it طاهر.pure.
Hair of a dead animal (mayta) and every part of it in which there is no life is pure.
وشعرAnd hair الخنزيرof the pig وسائرand all أجزائهits parts نجس،impure, ورخِصَand was permitted الخرزbeads بشعره.with its hair.
Pig hair and all its parts are impure; beads (khurz) are permitted with its hair.
وعظمAnd bone الفيلof the elephant طاهر.pure.
Elephant bone is pure.
وكلّAnd every إهابٍhide دبغtanned طَهر،purified, إلاexcept جلدَskin الخنزيرof the pig والآدمي.and the human.
Every hide that is tanned is purified, except pigskin and human skin.
[أحكام[Rules الآسار]of traces] وسؤرAnd suʾr الآدميof the human طاهرpure إلاexcept حالstate شربهhis drinking الخمر.wine.
[Rules of traces (āthār)] Human residual wetness (suʾr) is pure except in the state of his drinking wine.
وسؤرAnd suʾr الفرسof the horse وماand what يؤكلis eaten لحمهits flesh طاهر.pure.
Residual wetness of the horse and what may be eaten of its flesh is pure.
وسؤرAnd suʾr الخنزيرof the pig والكلبand the dog وسباعand predators البهائمof livestock نجس.impure.
Residual wetness of the pig, the dog, and predatory land animals is impure.
وسؤرAnd suʾr الهرة،of the cat, والدجاجةand the hen المخلاّة،the unconfined, والإبلand camels والبقرand cattle الجلاّلة،the jallāla, والحيّةand the snake والعقربand the scorpion والفأرة،and the mouse, وسباعand predators الطيرof birds مكروه.disliked.
Residual wetness of the cat, the unconfined hen, camels and cattle that eat filth (jallāla), the snake, scorpion, mouse, and birds of prey is disliked (makrūh).
وسؤرAnd suʾr البغلof the mule والحمارand the donkey طاهرٌpure مشكوكٌdoubted فيin طهوريتِه،its purifying [quality], فإنso if لمnot يجدhe finds ماءًwater غيرَه،other than it, توضّأhe performs wuḍūʾ بهwith it وتيمَّم.and does tayammum.
Residual wetness of the mule and donkey is pure; purifying quality is doubted. If he finds no other water, he performs wuḍūʾ with it and does tayammum.