Chapter [on what invalidates the fast and what does not—and what obligates make-up and what does not] — Tuḥfat al-Mulūk

Ruling522

4 notes

[What obligates make-up and what does not:] whoever eats, drinks, or copulates forgetfully does not break the fast—unlike one compelled or mistaken.

From the editors

1.

Imām al-Kassāni said in Badāʿīʾ aṣ-Ṣanāʿīʾ, “It is narrated from Abū Ḥanīfah that he said: ‘There is no requirement to make up (qaḍāʾ) the fast for one who forgets, based on the report (athar) narrated from the Prophet (ﷺ). According to analogy (qiyās), he would be required to make it up. However, following the report is preferable when it is authentic.’ A hadith authenticated by Abū Ḥanīfah leaves no room for anyone to challenge it.”

2.

This applies unconditionally, whether the fast is obligatory or voluntary (nafl). Due to the ḥadīth of Abū Hurayrah, that the Messenger of Allah said, “Whoever eats or drinks while fasting out of forgetfulness, let them complete their fast, for indeed, Allah has fed them and given them drink.” in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 6:2455 and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2:809. Abū Hurayrah narrated that the Messenger of Allah said, “Whoever breaks their fast in the month of Ramaḍān forgetfully, there is no qadāʾ (making up the fast) or kaffārah (expiation) upon them.” in Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān 2878, al-Mustadrak 1:595, and it was authenticated by Ibn Ḥajar in Bulūgh al-Marām. See: Iʿlāʾ al-Sunan 9:130.

3.

Mistaken consumption refers to intending an action but having the result go elsewhere than intended—for example, gargling and inadvertently letting water reach the throat. This invalidates the fast. The difference between an error (khaṭaʾ) and forgetfulness (nisyān) is that the one who errs is aware they are fasting yet does not intend to drink, whereas the one who forgets is unaware they are fasting and does intend to drink. Therefore, if someone errs but simultaneously forgets they are fasting and also does not intend to drink, they are treated like one who forgets. See: al-Hadiyyah al-ʿAlāʾiyyah, p. 162, and Ḍābiṭ al-Mufṭirāt.

4.

If a fasting person is coerced into breaking their fast, the fast becomes invalid, but no expiation (kaffārah) is due. This is because once sustenance enters the stomach, the fundamental pillar (rukn) of fasting is lost—through a reason not considered widespread or unavoidable—thus rendering the fast void. The intended objectives of fasting—gratitude (shukr), piety (taqwā), and resisting one’s propensity for corruption—are not achieved once nourishment has reached the stomach. See: al-Hadiyyah al-ʿAlāʾiyyah, p. 162, and Ḍābiṭ al-Mufṭirāt.

Ruling523

2 notes

If he emits semen due to nocturnal emission, thought, or looking; or wakes in major ritual impurity from intercourse; or applies oil; or kisses—he does not break his fast.

From the editors

1.

Applying oil does not invalidate the fast nor is it disliked (makrūh), even if one were to taste the oil in their throat, whether it is perfumed or not. This is because the taste in his throat entered through the pores in his skin, which are not considered valid openings into the GI tract, as in Tanwīr al-Abṣār and Radd al-Muḥtār 2:98, and Badāʿiʾ al-Ṣanāʿiʾ 2:106.

2.

The one who continues to look or think until he ejaculates intentionally, then this is sinful (ḥarām) but the fast is not invalidated, because intercourse did not occur in form (ṣurah) or meaning (maʿnā) due to the lack of physical stimulation. Thus, this is more similar to a wet dream, rather than foreplay (mubāsharah). See: Badāʿiʾ al-Ṣanāʿiʾ (2:92), and al-Durr al-Mukhtār (2:98).

Ruling524

1 note

If he emits semen due to kissing or touching, make-up alone is obligatory on him—nothing further.

Ruling525

2 notes

وتباح القبلة للصائم إن أمن على نفسه.

Kissing is permitted for the faster if he trusts himself.

Ruling526

2 notes

ولو دخلَ حلقَه ذبابٌ أو غبارٌ أو دخانٌ وهو ذاكرٌ لصومه، لم يفطر، بخلاف المطر والثلج.

If a fly, dust, or smoke enters his throat whilst he remembers his fasting, he does not break his fast—unlike rain and snow.

Ruling527

1 note

ولو تنخع وابتلع ما تنخع به، أو ابتلع ريقَه المغلوب بالدم، لم يفطر.

If he clears his throat (tankhʿ) and swallows what he cleared with, or swallows saliva overwhelmed with blood, he does not break his fast.

Ruling528

2 notes

وإن ابتلعَ ما بين أسنانه من عشائه دون حمصة، لم يفطر إلاّ إذا أَخرجَه ثم رَدَّه، وبقدر الحمصة يفطر، ولا كفّارة عليه.

If he swallows what remains between his teeth from supper short of a chickpea’s amount, he does not break his fast—unless he expels it then returns it; a chickpea’s amount breaks the fast, without expiation.

Ruling529

2 notes

ولو ابتلعَ سمسمة لزمته الكفّارة وإن مضغها لم يفطر إلا أن يجدَ طعمَها في حلقه.

If he swallows a sesame seed, expiation is due; even if he chews it he does not break his fast unless he tastes it in his throat.

Ruling530

1 note

ولو أكلَ عجيناً أو دقيقاً، أو ابتلعَ حصاةً أو نحوها، لزمَه القضاء لا غير.

If he eats dough or flour, or swallows a pebble or the like, make-up alone is obligatory—nothing further.

Ruling531

1 note

ولو أكلَ مسكاً أو كافوراً أو زعفراناً أو تراباً مشوياً أو ورق شجر يعتاد أَكلها، لزمته الكفّارة.

If he eats musk, camphor, saffron, roasted earth, or tree leaves habitually eaten, expiation is due.

Ruling532

1 note

ولو مضغ لقمةً ناسياً فتذكر فابتلعَها، وجبَت الكفارة، ولو أخرجَها ثمّ ابتلعَها، لم تجب.

If he chews a morsel forgetfully, then remembers and swallows it, expiation is due; if he expels it then swallows it, it is not due.

Ruling533

ولو أفطرَ عمداً ثمّ مرض أو حاضت، لم تجب الكفارة، ولو سافر طائعاً، وجبت.

If he breaks his fast deliberately then falls ill or menstruates, expiation is not due; if he travels willingly, it is due.

Ruling534

1 note

وللمريض الفطر يوم نوبة حمّاه، وللمرأة أيضاً يوم عادة حيضها بناءً على العادة، فإن أفطرَ فلم تأتِ الحمّى والحيض، وجبت الكفارة.

The sick person may break the fast on a day his fever spikes; likewise a woman on a day she expects menses by her habit—if she breaks fast yet neither fever nor menses arrives, expiation is due.

Ruling535

2 notes

وإن غلبَه القيء، لم يفطر مطلقاً، وإن تعمَّد ملء فيه، أفطرَ ولا كفّارة.

If vomiting overcomes him, he does not break his fast absolutely; if he deliberately fills his mouth [with vomit], he breaks his fast without expiation.

Ruling536

1 note

ومَن أَكَلَ غذاءً، أو شَربَ دواءً، أو جامعَ عمداً في أَحد السبيلين، لزمته الكفّارة.

Whoever eats food, drinks medicine, or copulates deliberately through either passage, expiation is due upon him.

Ruling537

1 note

ولا كَفّارةَ بالجماع فيما دون الفرج ولو أنزل، ولا كفارةَ على المرأة لو كانت نائمة أو مجنونةً أو مكرهةً.

There is no expiation for intercourse short of the private part even with emission; nor expiation on the woman if she was asleep, insane, or compelled.

Ruling538

1 note

ولا كفّارةَ في إفساد صوم غير رمضان أداءً.

There is no expiation for invalidating a fast other than Ramaḍān performed on time.

Ruling539

2 notes

ومَن احتقنَ، أو استعطَ، أو أقطرَ في أذنه دواءً أو دهناً، أو داوى جائفةً أو آمّةً بدواءٍ رطبٍ فوصَل إلى جوفه أو دماغه، لزمه القضاء لا غير.

Whoever uses an enema, snuffs liquid, or drops medicine or oil in the ear, or treats an abdominal or head wound with wet medicine reaching his stomach or brain, make-up alone is obligatory—nothing further.

Ruling540

2 notes

وإن أقطرَ في أذنه ماءً أو في ذَكَره دهناً، لم يفطر.

If he instils water into the ear or oil into the penis (dhakar), he does not break his fast.

Ruling541

2 notes

ومَن ذاقَ شيئاً ومَجَّه، لم يفطر، ويكره للصّائم الذوق إلا حالة الشراء.

Whoever tastes something then spits it out does not break his fast; tasting is disliked for the faster except when buying.

Ruling542

1 note

ويكره للمرأةِ مضغ الطعام لولدها بغير ضرورة.

Chewing food for her child without need is disliked for a woman.

Ruling543

1 note

ومضغ العلك مكروهٌ للصائم، وقيل: مفسدٌ إن كان متفتتاً أو أسوداً.

Chewing gum (ʿilk) is disliked for the faster; it was said: it invalidates if it crumbles or is black.

Ruling544

1 note

ولا يكره للمرأة المفطرة، وفي الرجل خلاف.

It is not disliked for a woman who is not fasting; for the man there is difference of opinion.

Ruling545

1 note

ويباح للصائم الكحل ولو وَجَدَ طعمَه في حلقه، ودهن الشَّاربِ والحاجبِ إذا قَصَدَ بهما غير الزّينة، وكذا للمفطر.

Kohl is permitted for the faster even if he tastes it in his throat; oiling the moustache and eyebrows is permitted if not for adornment—and likewise for one not fasting.

Ruling546

2 notes

ولا يكره السّواك للصّائم بمسواك رطبٍ أو يابس، ولا الفَصْد والحجامة.

Using the tooth-stick (miswāk) is not disliked for the faster, wet or dry; nor venesection nor cupping.

فصل [في بيان ما يفسد الصوم وما لا يفسده