Dhimmīs are distinguished from Muslims by dress, mounts, saddles, and hoods; they do not ride horses nor bear arms; a sign is placed on their doors so no beggar stands there invoking blessings for them.
The dhimmī is ordered to wear the coarse wool belt (zunnār), not silk brocade (ibrīsam); he is barred from attire exclusive to scholars, ascetics, and nobility such as ṣūf and the like.
He does not initiate salām; there is no harm in returning his salām; the responder does not add beyond saying wa-ʿalaykum; if he replies wa-s-salāmu ʿalā man ittabaʿa l-hudā it is lawful.
If he says to a dhimmī “may Allah lengthen your life” it is not lawful unless he intends lengthening his life for his Islam or for benefit of the jizyah.
The dhimmī pact is not void unless he joins enemy territory or they overwhelm a place and wage war on us; then they are like apostates except they may be enslaved—unlike apostates.
Khārāj, jizyah, and gifts from enemy lands are spent on Muslims’ interests such as guarding frontiers, building aqueducts and bridges, stipends for judges, scholars, warriors with their children, and officials.
